Influenza vaccine, pneumonia vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, do you want to fight?
Original publicity center, Zhejiang University Children’s Hospital of Pediatrics Department
"The child was hospitalized for pneumonia several times this year.
I really don’t want to experience it again … "
"I get nervous when I see him coughing."
In winter, the temperature changes greatly, and respiratory diseases gradually enter a period of high incidence. Unfortunately, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma can’t be prevented. Many parents have already started to feel anxious ahead of time, and they have said that their children have been accidentally recruited several times this year, which is really scary.
After many inquiries, I heard that the vaccine is effective in preventing pneumonia, but many parents still have doubts about it.
"In response to pneumonia in children, vaccines are indeed the key." Ji Chai, deputy director of the Children’s Health Department of Zhejiang University Children’s Hospital, said, "All kinds of infectious sources such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma can cause pneumonia. The more common pathogens are influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), mycoplasma pneumoniae and so on. At present, there are corresponding vaccines for influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), which can help children establish an immune barrier against these three pathogens and effectively reduce the probability of severe illness. "
So, which children need to be vaccinated? Is it necessary to vaccinate them all? How to choose a variety of influenza vaccines, pneumonia vaccine and Hib vaccines? When is the best time for vaccination? We specially invited Deputy Chief Physician Ji Chai to answer the questions of parents in detail.
Ji Chai, Deputy Director of Child Health Department, Deputy Chief Physician.
Specialty: Follow-up of high-risk infants, immunization consultation and follow-up of children with William syndrome.
Research fields: nutrition and development monitoring of premature infants, phenotype and gene related research of William syndrome, and safety and effectiveness of vaccination for children with special health conditions.
Outpatient time: Wednesday and Friday morning, Thursday afternoon (lakeside campus)
01
What is the principle of vaccine?
Vaccine is a preventive biological product made of pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, etc.) and their metabolites by artificial attenuation, inactivation or transgenic methods to prevent infectious diseases. The vaccine retains the characteristic that pathogenic microorganisms stimulate human immune system, that is, immunogenicity. When people are vaccinated, the immune system will produce certain protective substances, such as immunocompetent substances and corresponding antibodies. When the human body comes into contact with the corresponding pathogenic microorganisms again, the protective substances produced will play a role in preventing the harm of pathogenic microorganisms to the human body.
02
Which children suggested playing?
Influenza vaccine/pneumonia vaccine /Hib vaccine?
Influenza vaccine: Influenza is different from common cold. It is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which is very harmful to human health. People are generally susceptible to influenza virus, and timely influenza vaccination is an effective means of prevention.
If children over 6 months old have no contraindications to vaccines, it is recommended to get the flu vaccine.
Pneumonia vaccine: Pneumococcal infectious disease is one of the common diseases. According to the survey, the incidence of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children and the elderly over 60 years old is three times that of young people, and about 2.5 million people suffer from pneumococcal pneumonia every year.
Pneumococcus is widely distributed in nature, and it is a typical opportunistic pathogen, mainly transmitted directly by respiratory droplets or infected by colonization bacteria. 30% or more healthy people will carry pneumococcus in the nasopharynx without getting sick, but when the body’s resistance drops, pneumococcus is easy to take advantage of it and cause serious diseases such as pneumococcal pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and septicemia.
Children under 5 years old, especially infants under 2 years old, are particularly vulnerable to this pathogen because their autoimmune function is not yet fully developed. Secondly, the elderly over 65 years old and people with low immunity are also high-risk and susceptible groups of pneumococcal diseases.
Hib vaccine: Hib is a common pathogen in respiratory tract, which is mainly transmitted directly through droplets. After infection, it can not only cause non-bacteremia pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis and conjunctivitis, but also lead to invasive diseases, mainly manifested as meningitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, cellulitis and other multi-system and multi-site infections. In 2000, Haemophilus influenzae infection caused 371,000 deaths worldwide, most of which were children under 5 years old.
According to epidemiological studies, Hib mainly invades children under 5 years old and infants, especially infants under 18 months old, and the peak incidence is concentrated in 6-12 months old. Hib vaccine is suitable for children from 2 months to 5 years old. Vaccination with this vaccine can effectively reduce pneumonia, meningitis and even death caused by Haemophilus influenzae infection in children.
It should be noted that both the pentavaccine and the quadruple vaccine contain Hip vaccine, so there is no need for repeated vaccination.
03
Multi-influenza vaccine/pneumonia vaccine /Hib vaccine
What is the difference?
Influenza vaccine: tetravalent influenza vaccine, compared with the original trivalent influenza vaccine, has one more influenza virus strain to prevent, and besides influenza A H1N1, H3N2 and BV strains of trivalent influenza vaccine, there is also one more influenza B BY strain.
The tetravalent influenza vaccine suitable for 6 -35 months old brings more comprehensive protection against influenza virus to infants in the younger age group, and two doses are required, with an interval of 4 weeks.
Pneumonia vaccine: pneumonia vaccine mainly includes two kinds: 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. It can prevent pneumonia and related infections caused by 13 and 23 corresponding serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection respectively.
The prevention scope of the two vaccines is different from that of the vaccinated population: 13-valent pneumonia vaccine can prevent pneumonia caused by 13 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, such as 1, 3, 7F and 9V; The range of prevention of 23-valent pneumonia vaccine is relatively wide, which can prevent pneumonia caused by 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the 23-valent vaccine is a polysaccharide vaccine, and the immune response of children under 2 years old to polysaccharide antigen is weak, so the 23-valent vaccine can not protect them.
At present, the 13-valent pneumonia vaccine is mainly suitable for infants and children from 6 weeks to 5 years old; The 23-price pneumonia vaccine is suitable for children and adults over two years old.
Hib vaccine: Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine There are three other conjugate vaccines at present, including acellular DTaP-Hib, adsorbed acellular DTP inactivated polio and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine (DTaP-IPV/Hib), and AC group meningococcal polysaccharide (conjugate)-Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine (conjugate).
04
How long is the validity period of influenza vaccine/pneumonia vaccine /Hib vaccine?
Do I need to call every year?
The flu vaccine needs to be given every year. On the one hand, the epidemic subtype of influenza virus changes every year, and it is easy to mutate. Last year’s vaccine may not be able to resist this year’s virus subtype well.
On the other hand, the protective antibodies produced after vaccination can last for 6 ~ 8 months, and will gradually weaken over time. Only by vaccination every year can we obtain continuous immunity.
For children, pneumonia vaccine and Hib vaccines don’t need to be vaccinated every year, just complete the prescribed vaccination procedures according to the corresponding instructions.
05
Influenza vaccine/pneumonia vaccine /Hib vaccine
Is it necessary to call them all?
It is necessary. At present, these three kinds of vaccines belong to vaccines outside the national immunization program and are vaccinated voluntarily, so the vaccination rate of the population is still very low, and the population is generally susceptible. If there are no contraindications, vaccination is recommended.
06
Have been infected with influenza virus/Streptococcus pneumoniae/
Haemophilus influenzae type B, do you still need a vaccine?
You still need to be vaccinated. Because these three pathogens have different serotypes, each infection is only one of them, and it is impossible to produce protective antibodies against all serotypes after infection, and the vaccine contains a variety of common susceptible serotypes, which has a wide range of protection, so it is suggested that the corresponding vaccine should still be vaccinated after infection.
07
Can influenza vaccine/pneumonia vaccine /Hib vaccine be vaccinated at the same time?
These three vaccines are inactivated vaccines, which are out of the national immunization program, and can be vaccinated at the same time in principle.
08
When is the best time to get vaccinated,
Is it too late to call now?
Influenza vaccine does not take effect immediately after vaccination, and it takes 2-4 weeks to produce protective antibodies. Generally speaking, November-December is the high season of influenza every year, so September-October is the best vaccination time. Of course, the baby can still be vaccinated at any stage of the epidemic season, which can produce protection.
Pneumonia vaccine: The best age for 13-valent pneumonia vaccine is 6 weeks after birth, and for 23-valent pneumonia vaccine, it is 2 years old. If you need to vaccinate again, you need to wait five years.
Hib vaccine: The best age for vaccination is 2 months after birth.
09
Can you prevent pneumonia 100% after vaccination?
That’s not true. Although the vaccine can prevent most people from being infected, the protection rate cannot reach 100%, which is related to the characteristics of the vaccine itself and the personal physique of the recipient. The vaccine can only prevent specific pathogens.
10
Which children can’t get this kind of vaccine?
(1) Those who are allergic to any ingredients contained in the vaccine (including auxiliary materials, formaldehyde, cracking agents and antibiotics) are prohibited from vaccination. Egg allergy is not recommended as a taboo for influenza vaccination.
(2) Patients with mild to moderate acute diseases with or without fever symptoms should be vaccinated after the symptoms subside.
* (For details, please refer to different vaccine instructions or the special clinic for immunization consultation in the lakeside campus of Zhejiang University Children’s Hospital, Tuesday afternoon, Wednesday and Thursday morning. )
In addition, there are still some contraindications and caution in vaccination. Parents should inform the doctor of the child’s medical history, allergy history and medication history before taking their children for vaccination.
Read the original text